1. 研究目的与意义
黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)为茄科(Solanceae)枸杞属(Lycium L.)多年生灌木,其成熟浆果中富含花色苷,具有抗氧化、抗动脉粥样硬化以及降血脂等作用,是一种珍稀的药食两用天然花色苷类色素资源。前期实验建立了黑果枸杞花色苷提取工艺和分析方法,鉴定了13种花色苷类物质。由于黑果枸杞花色苷分子量大,结构复杂,目前没有商品化对照品提供,只能通过实验室制备获得。已制备含量最高的矮牵牛素-3-O-(6-O-反式对香豆酰)芸香糖苷-5-O-葡萄糖苷(分子量933,约占总花色苷量50%),还需要制备矮牵牛素-3-O-(6-O-(4-O-葡萄糖基)顺式对香豆酰)芸香糖苷-5-O-葡萄糖苷(分子量1095,约占总花色苷量25%)。目标为利用液质联用仪导向最终,制备花色苷1095约30mg,为黑果枸杞的品质评价提供化学依据。
研究还发现黑果枸杞根茎提取物具有较好的抗菌活性,有望开发成新的生物源农药。但目前黑果枸杞根茎研究少,有效成分不明。地骨皮为黑果枸杞同科同属植物落叶灌木枸杞 Lycium chinense Mill.或宁夏枸杞 Lycium barbarum L.的干燥根皮,为一种传统中药。地骨皮主要含酚酰胺,多肽和酚酸等多种生物活性成分,其中,酚酰胺不仅是特征化合物,而且在地骨皮中含量丰富,有研究对其中48个进行了鉴定,其中包括通过与标准品比较保留时间和质谱明确鉴定的14种已知化合物和34种基于碎片模式,精确相对分子质量,紫外光谱以及保留时间鉴别出的试验性成分,还有15种被鉴定为新型化合物。基于同科属植物中化学成分相似,这些化合物为黑果枸杞有效成分的研究提供了思路。
液质联用技术(LC-MS)是近年来发展起来的一门综合性分析技术,LC-MS将HPLC的高分离效能与MS的强大结构测定功能组合起来,既有液相色谱对复杂样品较强分析能力的特性液,又具有质谱的高灵敏度、高选择性以及提供相对分子质量和丰富结构信息的特性。本课题应用安捷伦1260液相色谱-G6530三重四极杆飞行时间质谱联用仪(UPLC-QTOF)进行对黑果枸杞根茎成分进行研究,能快速准确的分析鉴定有效成分结构,为课题顺利开展提供条件。
2. 文献综述
文献综述
黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)为茄科(Solanceae)枸杞属(Lycium L.)多年生灌木,是我国西北地区特有的耐盐、抗干旱野生植物[1]。黑果枸杞在藏药中称为旁玛,其味甘、性平,西藏医药名著《晶珠本草》中记载,其可用于治疗心热病、心脏病、月经不调、停经等病症[2]。根据《维吾尔药志》记载,对于尿道结石、癣疥、齿龈出血等疾病,黑果枸杞果实及根皮治疗效果显著,民间多用其作滋补强壮、明目降压[3][4]。现代医学研究发现,黑果枸杞中含有多糖,黄酮,花青素,超氧化物歧化酶,脂肪酸,微量元素等营养物质,可以应用在食品保健和医药领域,具有极大的开发利用价值。
花色苷是花青素(Anthocyanidin)在自然状态下与各种单糖结合而成的糖苷化合物,在黑果枸杞浆果中含量丰富,分别是是葡萄、树莓、紫甘蓝、蓝莓和紫薯的10.72、4.91、1.91、1.75、4.45倍[5],具有抗氧化、抗动脉粥样硬化以及降血脂等作用,是一种珍稀的药食两用天然花色苷类色素资源。花色苷的母核2-苯基色原酮,各酚羟基均有可能被糖基取代,3-OH被糖基取代的花色苷最为常见。但是,花色苷的结构易受到环境pH的影响,在酸性条件下主要以红色的花色苷元阳离子形式(flavylium cation,AH)存在,在碱性条件下转化为蓝色的醌式碱结构(anionic quinonoidal base,A)在中性和偏酸性条件下主要以甲醇假碱(carbinol pseudobases,B)和无色的查耳酮(chalcone,C)形式存在[6]见图1。因其分子中存在2个苯环,形成了共轭体系,故在紫外光区(275~285nm)与可见光区(520~545nm)均具较强吸收。
图1 花色苷在不同pH条件水溶液下构型的转变(红色烊阳离子flavylium cation、无色甲醇假碱carbinol pseudobases、紫色醌式碱quinonoidal base、蓝色脱水醌式碱anionic quinonoidal base、黄色查耳酮chalcone)
1黑果枸杞花色苷的研究
1.1黑果枸杞花色苷成分及其性质的研究
黑果枸杞中花色苷主要组分为矮牵牛素(Petunia),飞燕草素(Dephinidin)和锦葵素(Malvidin),所含糖主要为葡萄糖和芸香糖,且糖上往往被香豆酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸等基团酰基化。Zheng Jie等[7]利用高效液相色谱电喷雾串联质谱(high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionizationmass spectrometry, HPLC-ESI/MS)分离并检测了黑果枸杞中14种花色苷,其中10个被识别和量化,结果表明矮牵牛色素衍生物为黑果枸杞中主要的花色苷。闫亚美[8]等通过对26个不同产地的黑果枸杞进行多酚组成分析,其中 Petunidin-3-O-rutinoside(cis-p-coumaroyl) -5-O-glucoside 在所有供试黑果枸杞材料中的含量均最高,也证明酰化矮牵牛素花色苷在多酚类物质中最丰富。林丽[9]等运用高效液相色谱法测定黑果枸杞提取物中花色苷的主要成分为矮牵牛素-5-O -葡萄糖苷,含量为47.95%,没有矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷。谭亮[10]等采用紫外-可见光分光光度法与高效液相色谱法-电喷雾串联质谱鉴别得黑果枸杞果实中花色苷有8种,其中含量最高的为锦葵色素-3-O-(6-O-对香豆酰-3-O-乙酰)-5-O-二葡萄糖苷, 此结论与前述他人的不一致,分析原因可能与样品品种及花色苷的提取处理方法有关。
1.2黑果枸杞花色苷提取分离方法的研究
植物花色苷的提取方式主要是溶剂提取法,酶辅助提取法,超声辅助提取法和微波辅助提取法,受到多种因素的影响,主要包括原料粒径,料液比,提取溶剂种类、浓度与 pH,提取温度、时间和次数等。潘自皓等[11]以总花色苷含量和DPPH清除率为评价指标,在考察总花色苷含量测定方法的基础上,经单因素实验和 L9 ( 34 ) 正交实验优化,得黑枸杞花色苷的提取工艺,即静置法,提取溶剂为1% 甲酸,提取温度为75 ℃ ,料液比为 1∶30 g /mL,每次提取时间为1 h 和提取次数为3次,提取得到黑果枸杞花色苷含量为( 4.51 0.06) mg /g。郑覃[12]等发现超声辅助提取黑果枸杞花色苷的过程中,各因素对花色苷提取效果的影响大小依次为提取温度 >乙醇浓度 > 提取时间 > 液料比。采用响应面法优化提取工艺,经验证实验,最终确定最佳工艺条件为20.4∶1 mL /g,提取温度 48 ℃ ,提取时间 24.8 min,乙醇浓度79% ,此条件下提取得到的黑果枸杞花色苷含量为( 14.999 0.014) mg /g,此方法节约了时间,且提取率明显提高。黑果枸杞总花色苷最佳的双水相[13]提取条件为:提取温度45.5℃、提取时间45min、NaH2PO4浓度28%和乙醇浓度26%,在此条件下黑果枸杞总花色苷得率为13.160.29mg/g,果枸杞花色苷回收率为99.840.01%,总糖的脱除率为70.040.23%,此方法可以实现目标化合物的提取和分离一体化,从而减少能源消耗,缩短操作时间。唐骥龙[14]等用AB-8大孔树脂对黑果枸杞花色苷进行了初步纯化,再通过KTA蛋白纯化系统和YMC-PACKODS-A色谱柱分离纯化,经HPLC-MS和NMR分析得矮牵牛素3-O-芸香糖(反式-香豆酰基)-5-O-葡萄糖苷,且纯度可达97%。孙丽丽等[15]用5.0%醋酸-水溶液超声提取,然后经AB-8型大孔吸附树脂纯化,得到的粗品再经过中压柱色谱、高效液相制备及Sephade LH-20,最终得主要花色苷petunidin-3-O-[6-O-(4-O-E-p-coumaroyl- O-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-glucopyranoside]-5-O-β-glucopyranoside 124.0mg,纯度>98%。Jin Hongli等[16]利用XCharge C8SAX色谱柱有效地分离出黑果枸杞中同种花色苷的顺反异构体。
2 黑果枸杞根的化学成分研究
目前黑果枸杞根茎究几近空白,有效成分不明,但实验发现黑果枸杞根茎提取物具有较好的抗菌活性,有望开发成新的生物源农药。地骨皮为黑果枸杞同科同属植物落叶灌木枸杞 Lycium chinense Mill.或宁夏枸杞 Lycium barbarum L.的干燥根皮,为一种传统中药。其化学成分较为充分,基于同科属植物中化学成分相似,可为黑果枸杞根茎有效成分的研究提供了思路。
地骨皮中的生物碱类成分类型非常丰富[18],包括去甲基莨菪烷型、莨菪烷型、哌啶型、吡咯型、环戊烷吡咯烷型、精胺型、咪唑型,酰胺型等,已分离得50个生物碱类成分,化合物名称见表1(1-50)。目前从地骨皮中分离得到5个肽类化合物,包括1个二肽和4个环八肽[19],化合物名称见表1(51-55)。从地骨皮中分离得到的苯丙素类化合物[20-23]包括肉桂酸衍生物6个,香豆素3个,木脂素14个和新木脂素类6个,化合物名称见表1(56-88)。目前有19种黄酮类化合物存在于地骨皮中,包括4个黄酮,4个黄酮醇和8个黄酮苷化合物名称见表1(89-104)。目前从地骨皮中共分离得到了4个蒽醌类化合物,其中包括1个蒽醌苷,化合物名称见表1(105-108)。地骨皮中含有多种脂肪酸类化合物[25] ,主要有亚油酸、亚麻酸、蜂花酸、肉桂酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、香草酸等,化合物名称见表1(109-130)。目前从地骨皮中共分离得到萜类成分85个,包括5个单萜,4个倍半萜,9个非环状二萜,1个环状二萜,1个五环三萜和甾体类化合物,化合物名称见表1(131-215)。已从地骨皮中分离得到的糖脂类化合物共16个,化合物名称见表1(216-231)。地骨皮中还含有酚酸等其他类型化合物[24][26],化合物名称见表1(232-245)。
表1 枸杞属化学成分
No. | Name | Structure Type | |
1 | Calystegine A3 | 去甲基莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
2 | Calystegine A5 | 去甲基莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
3 | Calystegine A6 | 去甲基莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
4 | Calystegine A7 | 去甲基莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
5 | Calystegine B1 | 去甲基莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
6 | Calystegine B2 | 去甲基莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
7 | Calystegine B3 | 去甲基莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
8 | Calystegine B4 | 去甲基莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
9 | Calystegine B5 | 去甲基莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
10 | Calystegine C1 | 去甲基莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
11 | Calystegine C2 | 去甲基莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
12 | Calystegine N1 | 去甲基莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
13 | N-Methylcalystegine B2 | 去甲基莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
14 | N-Methylcalystegine C1 | 去甲基莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
15 | Atropine | 莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
16 | Scopolamine | 莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
17 | Hyoscyamine | 莨菪烷型生物碱 | |
18 | Fagomine | 哌啶型生物碱 | |
19 | 6-Deoxyfagomine | 哌啶型生物碱 | |
20 | Alkaloid Ⅰ | 吡咯型生物碱 | |
21 | Alkaloid Ⅱ | 吡咯型生物碱 | |
22 | 4-[2-Formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]butanoic acid | 环戊烷吡咯烷型生物碱 | |
23 | 4-[2-Formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]butanoic acid | 环戊烷吡咯烷型生物碱 | |
24 | Methyl-4-[2-formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]butanoate | 环戊烷吡咯烷型生物碱 | |
25 | 5-Methoxymethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaaldehyde | 环戊烷吡咯烷型生物碱 | |
26 | Kukoamine B | 精胺型生物碱 | |
27 | Kukoamine A | 精胺型生物碱 | |
28 | Na-[(Z)-Cinnamoyl]histamine | 咪唑型生物碱 | |
29 | Na-[(E)-Cinnamoyl]histamine | 咪唑型生物碱 | |
30 | (E)-Quasibicyclic | 咪唑型生物碱 | |
31 | (Z)-Quasibicyclic | 咪唑型生物碱 | |
32 | Na-[(Z)-Cinnamoyl]-N1-methylhistamine | 咪唑型生物碱 | |
33 | Na-[(E)-Cinnamoyl]-N1-methylhistamine | 咪唑型生物碱 | |
34 | N-(α,β-Dihydrocaffeoyl)tyramine | 酰胺型生物碱 | |
35 | N-[(E)-Caffeoyl]tyramine | 酰胺型生物碱 | |
36 | N-[(Z)-Caffeoyl]tyramine | 酰胺型生物碱 | |
37 | N-[(E)-Feruloyl]octopamine | 酰胺型生物碱 | |
38 | Lyciumide A | 酰胺型生物碱 | |
39 | (2S,3R,4E,8Z)-1-O-(β-D-Glucopyranosyl)-2-(palmitoylamino)octadecasphinga-4,8-diene(LCC) | Cerebrosides | |
40 | (2S,3R,4E,8Z)-1-O-(β-D-Glucopyranosyl)-2-[(2-hydroxypalmitoyl)amino]sphinga-4,8-diene | Cerebrosides | |
41 | Betaine | 其他型生物碱 | |
42 | Betaine hydrochloride | 其他型生物碱 | |
43 | Choline | 其他型生物碱 | |
44 | Melatonin | 其他型生物碱 | |
45 | A tryptophane glycoside | 其他型生物碱 | |
46 | N9-Formylharman | 其他型生物碱 | |
47 | 1-(Methoxycarbonyl)-β-carboline | 其他型生物碱 | |
48 | Perlolyrine | 其他型生物碱 | |
49 | Lycioside A | 其他型生物碱 | |
50 | Lycioside B | 其他型生物碱 | |
51 | Lyciumamide | Dipeptide | |
52 | Lyciumin A | Octapeptides | |
53 | Lyciumin B | Octapeptides | |
54 | Lyciumin C | Octapeptides | |
55 | Lyciumin D | Octapeptides | |
56 | Scopoletin | 苯丙素类 | |
57 | Scoparone | 苯丙素类 | |
58 | Scopolin | 苯丙素类 | |
59 | Fabiatrin | 苯丙素类 | |
60 | ( )-Lyoniresinol-3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | 苯丙素类 | |
61 | Lyciumin | 苯丙素类 | |
62 | Cinnamic acid | 苯丙素类 | |
63 | p-Coumaric acid | 苯丙素类 | |
64 | Chlorogenic acid | 苯丙素类 | |
65 | Caffeic acid | 苯丙素类 | |
66 | Ferulic acid | 苯丙素类 | |
67 | Stearyl ferulate | 苯丙素类 | |
68 | Lyciumol A | 苯丙素类 | |
69 | Lyciumol B | 苯丙素类 | |
70 | (3S,4R)-6-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalene-2-carboxamide | 苯丙素类 | |
71 | (2S,3S,E)-3-[2,3-dihydro-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]-N-[2-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)ethyl]-2-propenamide | 苯丙素类 | |
72 | (2R,3R,E)-3-[2,3-dihydro-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]-N-[2-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)ethyl]-2-propenamide | 苯丙素类 | |
73 | lyciumamide K. | 苯丙素类 | |
74 | Lyciumamide D (2,3-trans)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-7-{3-[(4-hydroxyphenethyl)amino]-3-oxopropyl}-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b] [1,4]dioxine-2-carboxamide | 苯丙素类 | |
75 | Lyciumamide E (2,3-trans)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-6-{3-[(4-hydroxyphenethyl)amino]-3-oxopropyl}-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b] [1,4]dioxine-2-carboxamide | 苯丙素类 | |
76 | Lyciumamide F 3,3′-(5,5′,6,6′-tetrahydroxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)propanamide) | 苯丙素类 | |
77 | Lyciumamide G (E)-2-(4,5-dihydroxy-2-{3-[(4-hydroxyphenethyl)amino]-3-oxopropyl}phenyl)-3- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)acrylamide | 苯丙素类 | |
78 | Lyciumamide H 6-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalene-2-carboxamide | 苯丙素类 | |
79 | Lyciumamide I (1,2-trans)-N2-(4-acetamidobutyl)-7-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N3-(4-hydroxy-phenethyl)-6,8-dimethoxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxamide | 苯丙素类 | |
80 | Lyciumamide J (1,2-trans)-N3-(4-acetamidobutyl)-7-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N2-(4-hydroxy-phenethyl)-6,8-dimethoxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxamide | 苯丙素类 | |
81 | (1,2-trans)-N3-(4- acetamidobutyl)-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-N2-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-6,8-dimethoxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxamide | 苯丙素类 | |
82 | 7-hydroxy-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-N2,N3-bis(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-6,8-dimethoxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxamide | 苯丙素类 | |
83 | (E)-2-(4,5-dihydroxy-2-{3-[(4-hydroxyphenethyl)amino]-3-oxopropyl}phenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(4-acetamidobutyl)-acrylamide | 苯丙素类 | |
84 | (E)-2-(4,5-dihydroxy-2-{3-[(4-hydroxyphenethyl)amino]-3-oxopropyl}phenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(4-acetamidobutyl)acrylamide | 苯丙素类 | |
85 | (E)-2-(4,5-dihydroxy-2-{3-[(4-hydroxyphenethyl)amino] -3-oxopropyl}phenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)acrylamide | 苯丙素类 | |
86 | (Z)-3-{(2,3-trans)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-2,3-d i h y d r o b e n z o [ b ] [ 1 , 4 ] - d i o x i n - 6 - y l } - N - ( 4 -hydroxyphenethyl)acrylamide | 苯丙素类 | |
87 | thoreliamide B | 苯丙素类 | |
88 | (E)-3-{(2,3-trans)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl}-N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)acrylamide | 苯丙素类 | |
89 | Apigenin | Flavones | |
90 | Luteolin | Flavones | |
91 | Acacetin | Flavones | |
92 | 3,5,7,3'-Tetrahydroxy-6,4',5'-trimethoxyflavone | Flavones | |
93 | Quercetin | Flavonols | |
94 | Kaempferol | Flavonols | |
95 | Myricetin | Flavonols | |
96 | Morin | Flavonols | |
97 | Isoquercitrin | Flavonoid Glycosides | |
98 | Acacetin-7-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyra-noside | Flavonoid Glycosides | |
99 | Rutin | Flavonoid Glycosides | |
100 | Quercetin-7-O-glucoside-3-O-glucosyl-(1→2)-galactopyranoside | Flavonoid Glycosides | |
101 | Kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside | Flavonoid Glycosides | |
102 | Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucopyranoside | Flavonoid Glycosides | |
103 | Kaempferol-7-O-glucoside-3-O-glucosyl-(1→2)-galactoside | Flavonoid Glycosides | |
104 | Linarin | Flavonoid Glycosides | |
105 | Emodin | 蒽醌类 | |
106 | Physcion | 蒽醌类 | |
107 | 1,3,6-Trihydroxy-2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone | 蒽醌类 | |
108 | 1,3,6-Trihydroxy-2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone-3-O-(rhamnopyranosyl)-(1→2)-6'-acetylglucopyranoside | 蒽醌类 | |
109 | Linoleic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
110 | Oleic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
111 | Linolenic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
112 | Melissic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
113 | Dodecanoic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
114 | Myristic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
115 | Pentadecanoic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
116 | Palmitic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
117 | Stearic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
118 | Arachidic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
119 | Pentanoic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
120 | Lactic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
121 | α-Dimorphecolic((9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid) | 脂肪酸类 | |
122 | (9S,10E,12Z,15Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12,15-trienoic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
123 | Oxalic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
124 | Malonic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
125 | Malic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
126 | Succinic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
127 | Fumaric acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
128 | Citric acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
129 | 19,21-Dimethyl triacont-17,22,24,26,28-pentaene-1-oic acid | 脂肪酸类 | |
130 | n-Tetracosanyl octadec-9-enoate | 脂肪酸类 | |
131 | 7,8-Dehydro-3-hydroxy-β-ionone | Monoterpenes | |
132 | L-Monomenthyl glutarate | Monoterpenes | |
133 | L-Monomenthyl succinate | Monoterpenes | |
134 | L-Dimenthyl glutarate | Monoterpenes | |
135 | A monoterpene glycoside | Monoterpenes | |
136 | (-)-1,2-Didehydro-α-cyperone | Sesquiterpenes | |
137 | Solavetivone | Sesquiterpenes | |
138 | Damascenone | Sesquiterpenes | |
139 | 3-(2,4-Dihydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-cyclohexylidene)-1-methylprop-2-enyl-β-D-glucopyranoside | Sesquiterpenes | |
140 | Lyciumoside Ⅰ | Acyclic Diterpene Glycosides | |
141 | Lyciumoside Ⅱ | Acyclic Diterpene Glycosides | |
142 | Lyciumoside Ⅲ | Acyclic Diterpene Glycosides | |
143 | Lyciumoside Ⅳ | Acyclic Diterpene Glycosides | |
144 | Lyciumoside Ⅴ | Acyclic Diterpene Glycosides | |
145 | Lyciumoside Ⅵ | Acyclic Diterpene Glycosides | |
146 | Lyciumoside Ⅶ | Acyclic Diterpene Glycosides | |
147 | Lyciumoside Ⅷ | Acyclic Diterpene Glycosides | |
148 | Lyciumoside Ⅸ | Acyclic Diterpene Glycosides | |
149 | Ursolic acid | Pentacyclic Triterpenoid | |
150 | Sugiol | Cyclic Diterpene | |
151 | β-Sitosterol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
152 | Campesterol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
153 | Lanosterol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
154 | 24-Ethylidenecholesterol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
155 | Cholesterol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
156 | 24-Methylcholesterol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
157 | 24-Ethylcholesterol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
158 | Stigmasterol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
159 | 24-Methylcholesta-5,24-dien-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
160 | 28-Isofucosterol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
161 | 24-Methylidenecholesterol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
162 | 24-Ethylcholesta-5,24-dien-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
163 | Cholestan-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
164 | 24-Methylcholestan-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
165 | 24-Ethylcholestan-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
166 | Cholest-7-en-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
167 | Cycloartenol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
168 | Cycloartanol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
169 | 24-Methylidenecycloartanol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
170 | 31-Norcycloartenol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
171 | 31-Norlanosterol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
172 | 31-Norcycloartanol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
173 | 31-Norlanost-8-enol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
174 | 31-Norlanost-9(11)-enol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
175 | 24-Methyl-31-norlanost-9(11)-enol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
176 | 4α-Methylcholest-8-en-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
177 | 4α,24-Dimethylcholesta-7,24-dien-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
178 | 24-Ethyl-4α-methylcholesta-7,24-dien-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
179 | Cholest-5-en-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
180 | 24-Methylcholest-5-en-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
181 | 24-Ethylcholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
182 | 24-Ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
183 | 24-Ethylidenecholest-5-en-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
184 | 24-Ethylidenecholest-7-en-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
185 | Lophenol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
186 | 24-Ethyllophenol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
187 | 24-Methyllophenol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
188 | Gramisterol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
189 | Citrostadienol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
190 | Cycloeucalenol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
191 | Obtusifoliol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
192 | Lanost-8-enol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
193 | β-Amyrin | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
194 | 24-Methylidenelanost-8-en-3β-ol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
195 | Lupeol | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
196 | 5α-Stigmastane-3,6-dione | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
197 | β-Sitosterol-β-D-glucopyranoside | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
198 | β-Sitosterol-3-O-(6-palmitoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
199 | β-Sitosterol-3-O-(6-stearoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
200 | A furostanol glycoside Withanolides | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
201 | Lyciumsubstanz A | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
202 | Lyciumsubstanz B | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
203 | Stigmast-5-en-3β-ol-3β-D-(2'-n-triacontanoyl)glucopyranoside | Sterols,Steroid,and Their Derivatives | |
204 | lyciumsterol A.pregnane-3β,5α,6β,8β,12β,14β,17β,20(S)-octol-20-O-[(2E,4E)-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoate] | octahydroxylated C21 steroids | |
205 | lyciumsterol B pregnane-3β,5α,6β,8β,12β,14β,17β,20(S)-octol-12-O-[(2E,4E)-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoate] | octahydroxylated C21 steroids | |
206 | lyciumsterol C pregnane-3β,5α,6β,8β,12β,14β,17β,20(S)-octol-12-O-[(2E,4E)-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoate]-3-O-β-D-digitoxopyranoside | octahydroxylated C21 steroids | |
207 | lyciumsterol D pregnane-3β,5α,6α,8β,12β,14β,17β,20(S)-octol-12-O-[(2E,4E)-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoate]-3-O-β-D-digitoxopyranoside | octahydroxylated C21 steroids | |
208 | lyciumsterol E pregnane-3β,5α,6β,8β,12β,14β,17β,20(S)-octol-20-O-[(2E,4E)-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoate]-3-O-β-Dcymaropyranosyl-(1 → 4)-O-β-D-digitoxopyranoside | octahydroxylated C21 steroids | |
209 | lyciumsterol F pregnane-3β,5α,6α,8β,12β,14β,17β,20(S)-octol-20-O-[(2E,4E)-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoate]-3-O-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1 → 4)-O-β-Ddigitoxopyranoside | octahydroxylated C21 steroids | |
210 | lyciumsterol G pregnane-3β,5α,6β,8β,12β,14β,17β,20(S)-octol-12-O-[(2E,4E)-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoate]-3-O-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1 → 4)-O-β-D-digitoxopyranoside | octahydroxylated C21 steroids | |
211 | lyciumsterol H pregnane-3β,5α,6β,8β,12β,14β,17β,20(S)-octol-20-O-[(2E,4E)-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoate]-3-O-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1 → 4)-O-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1 → 4)-O-β-Ddigitoxopyranoside | octahydroxylated C21 steroids | |
212 | lyciumsterol I pregnane-3β,5α,6α,8β,12β,14β,17β,20(S)-octol-20-O-[(2E,4E)-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoate]-3-O-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-digitoxopyranoside | octahydroxylated C21 steroids | |
213 | lyciumsterol J | octahydroxylated C21 steroids | |
214 | lyciumsterol K | octahydroxylated C21 steroids | |
215 | Diosgenin | Steroid Saponin | |
216 | 1-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-2,3-O-bis[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyl]glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
217 | 1-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-2-O-bis[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl]-3-O-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyl]glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
218 | (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-linolenoyl-3-O-[α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1''→6')-(3''-O-linolenoyl)-β-D-galactopyranosyl]glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
219 | (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-linolenoyl-3-O-[α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1''→6')-(3'-O-palmitoyl)-β-D-galactopyranosyl]glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
220 | (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-linolenoyl-3-O-[α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1''→6')-(3''-O-palmitoyl)-β-D-galactopyranosyl]glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
221 | (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-[α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1''→6')-(3'-O-palmitoyl)-β-D-galactopyranosyl]glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
222 | (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-[α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1''→6')-β-D-galactopyranosyl]glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
223 | (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-2-O-linolenoyl-3-O-[α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1''→6')-β-D-galactopyranosyl]glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
224 | (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-[α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1''→6')-β-D-galactopyranosyl]glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
225 | (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-linolenoyl-3-O-[α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1''→6')-β-D-galactopyranosyl]glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
226 | (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-[α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1''→6')-β-D-galactopyranosyl]glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
227 | (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-oleoyl-3-O-[α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1''→6')-β-D-galactopyranosyl]glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
228 | (2S)-1-O-stearoyl-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-[α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1''→6')-β-D-galactopyranosyl]glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
229 | (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-linolenoyl-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
230 | (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
231 | (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-oleoyl-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl glycerol | 糖脂类 | |
232 | Protocatechuic acid | 其他类型 | |
233 | β-D-Glucopyranosyl syringate | 其他类型 | |
234 | р-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 其他类型 | |
235 | Vanillic acid | 其他类型 | |
236 | Vanillin | 其他类型 | |
237 | Isovanillin | 其他类型 | |
238 | Salicylic acid | 其他类型 | |
239 | Digupigan A | 其他类型 | |
240 | (1S,2R,3S,5S)-5-Aminocycloheptane-1,2,3-triol | 其他类型 | |
241 | lyciumoside B. | 其他类型 | |
242 | lyciumoside C. 4′-hydroxy-3′, 5′-dimethoxy-phenylpropanol-1-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | 其他类型 | |
243 | lyciumoside D (E)-3-(2-hydroxyviny)-4-methylpent-3-en-2-one-6-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | 其他类型 | |
244 | lyciumlignan D | 其他类型 | |
245 | lyciumphenyl propanoid A | 其他类型 | |
246 | cis-Nferuloyloctopamine | 其他类型 | |
247 | dihydro-N-caffeoyltyramine | 其他类型 | |
248 | trans-N-feruloyloctopamine | 其他类型 | |
249 | trans-N-caffeoyltyramine | 其他类型 | |
250 | trans-N-phydroxycinnamoyltyramine | 其他类型 | |
251 | trans-N-feruloyltyramine | 其他类型 |
3 结语
由于黑果枸杞花色苷分子量大,结构复杂,目前没有商品化对照品提供,只能通过实验室制备获得。已制备含量最高的矮牵牛素-3-O-(6-O-反式对香豆酰)芸香糖苷-5-O-葡萄糖苷(分子量933,约占总花色苷量50%),还需要制备矮牵牛素-3-O-(6-O-(4-O-葡萄糖基)顺式对香豆酰)芸香糖苷-5-O-葡萄糖苷(分子量1095,约占总花色苷量25%),见图二。液质联用技术(LC-MS)是近年来发展起来的一门综合性分析技术,LC-MS将HPLC的高分离效能与MS的强大结构测定功能组合起来,既有液相色谱对复杂样品较强分析能力的特性液,又具有质谱的高灵敏度、高选择性以及提供相对分子质量和丰富结构信息的特性。可利用液质联用仪导向最终,制备花色苷1095约30mg,为黑果枸杞的品质评价提供化学依据。目前黑果枸杞根茎究少,有效成分不明,拟采用安捷伦1260液相色谱-G6530三重四极杆飞行时间质谱联用仪(UPLC-QTOF)进行活性追踪,分析鉴定有效成分结构,为其开发提供化学依据。黑果枸杞药食兼用,有着独特的特点和优势,具有广阔的利用价值和开发前景。
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3. 设计方案和技术路线
研究方案: 1.学习HPLC,MS等相关理论知识,处理各种样品并进行质谱分析,学会运用Masshunter软件检测处理样品数据,积累操作经验。 2.研读枸杞相关文献以及相关的花色苷文献,翻译,整理。 3.花色苷分离制备工艺,注意pH值 4. 黑果枸杞根茎成分液质分析,优化HPLC条件和MS参数,如流速,离子源,柱温,流动相pH等。 4.进行数据分析,二级质谱裂解规律的研究。 5.撰写毕业论文和ppt,准备答辩。 技术路线:
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4. 工作计划
2022.1 掌握HPLC,MS理论知识,熟悉安捷伦机器组成部件,能够处理一级质谱,二级质谱相关数据;
2022.2 撰写枸杞研究综述,黑果枸杞药材和提取物准备;
2022.3 制备黑果枸杞花色苷,完成黑果枸杞根茎质谱数据分析;
5. 难点与创新点
1.黑果枸杞是近年来新开发的热点保健食品,但市场产品质量层次不齐,价格混乱,没有评价标准,本课题的研究为为质量标准的研究提供化学基础,产品开发奠定理论依据。
2.利用液质联用仪导向跟踪,技术更先进,目标更明确。并且目前还没有黑果枸杞花色苷商品,其分离制备具有新颖性,实用性和可行性。
3.本课题具有速度快、选择性强、检测限低等优点,可提高花色苷裂解的稳定性及准确性,通过对质谱碎片的解析,寻找药物代谢规律,作用方式,深入研究其药用价值,为研制中药新药奠定基础。
以上是毕业论文开题报告,课题毕业论文、任务书、外文翻译、程序设计、图纸设计等资料可联系客服协助查找。